Week 1 (Jan. 1-7): Family Lore

Lore: /lɔː/

noun

a body of traditions and knowledge on a subject or held by a particular group, typically passed from person to person by word of mouth.

"the jinns of Arabian lore"

Family folklore is the study and use of folklore and traditional culture transmitted within an individual family group. This includes craft goods produced by family members or memorabilia that have been saved as reminders of family events. It includes family photos, photo albums, along with bundles of other pages held for posterity such as certificates, letters, journals, notes, and shopping lists. Family sayings and stories which recount true events are retold as a means of maintaining a common family identity. Family customs are performed, modified, sometimes forgotten, created or resurrected with great frequency. Each time the result is to define and solidify the perception of the family as unique.

The study of family folklore is distinct from genealogy or family history. Instead of focusing on historical dates, locations and verifiable events, this area of study looks at the unique stories, customs, and handicrafts that define the family as a distinct social group.

With thanks to the Oxford Dictionary and Wikipedia for helping to define but not really clarifying the topic for me. The prompt for this week is:

Many of us have heard stories from our grandparents about incredible feats our ancestors did or a famous person we're related to. What's a tale that has been passed down in your family? Did it end up being true or did it turn out to just be a good story? 

So, there have been a few stories passed down, and as in many families some are true, some are fabricated and some are based on a truth but have been embellished over time – although not quite tall tales.

• “Davys is a Welsh name.”
• “Somebody changed their name after the Monmouth rebellion.”
• “One of great grandad’s brothers was the first soft drink manufacturer in Wellington, another brother founded Cooper’s Seeds.”
• “Great great grandfather Laney was the first baker in Nelson.”
• “My mother’s people came from the Black Country.”
• “Timms are ten a penny.”
• “Rosina Buckman the opera singer is a cousin.”
• Great grandma died when the children were young and he needed to find a wet nurse.”
• “My grandad’s mother left and took 2 children to Australia. He always said he was about nine years old. Many years later a man came to visit and said he was a nephew.”
• “Grandad built the Post Office in Levin.”
• “A cousin of Granny Davys was the founder of the company which became AVON.”
• “Five times great grandfather was the Lord of the Manor.”
• Great great grandfather spent time in Ireland carrying out the ordinance survey.”
• “Great uncle Walter was a gold miner in Western Australia.”
• “Grandad’s 2^nd cousin founded the YMCA.”
• “One day, we had been to Ninety Mile Beach and I was in the car – a Ford Beauty – with Grandma and Grandad when we realised my Mum and Dad were not behind us. We had to go back, and they were stuck in the sand.”
• “Grandma had a pet magpie which was a bit vicious and sometimes you would get stuck at the outhouse and have to use the wooden lid as a shield to return to the house.”
• “One night when we were staying at Grandma’s the bed that Mum and my sister were sleeping in collapsed and they landed on the floor.”
• “We played in wide open fields unsupervised, although there was a fenced off area we called “the Keep Out” (because there was a sign). It was in this expanse that we found tiny black rabbit near the railway embankment and took him home to keep.”
• “The bus couldn’t go down the hill so we would get dropped at the top and then throw our school bags ahead of us and slide to the bottom on cabbage tree leaves. Our mothers used to wonder at the state of our clothes.”

Have you heard any of these ones before? Do you want to know more? Do you know any others?

I am sure there are many more.

F - Frederick Stagg

Frederick Stagg is somebody new-ish in our tree.

I knew there were Stagg’s in the tree. Ann Cooper, sister of my great-great-grandfather married Charles Stagg in 1812, in Montacute, Somerset. Many hours spent with Dad reading the church records on microfilm at the National Library in Wellington (thanks to the LDS and the Wellington branch of NZSG), found that Charles and Ann had 10 children.

All I had was a list of names though. I managed to track some of them through the various census’. At least four of their children died before they were ten years old as was often the case in times gone by.

I also found Ann’s burial – aged 101 ! and a newspaper account (which I have failed to write down the source for – there’s a job for the weekend) which reported her death and her approaching 102^nd birthday. Great genes, I thought. Anyway, that was about all I knew of this piece of the tree, until I came across a couple of DNA matches in New Zealand who shared DNA with lots of my Cooper line.

It made sense, so many other settler families in our tree either followed or came with siblings and cousins to the colonies. So why not this one too ? So I built their tree- cos that’s what I do, and discovered that Charles and Ann’s daughter Jane had come to New Zealand. I’m still not exactly sure when, but she married (apparently for the 2^nd time) near Wanganui in 1859 and had just one child.

The next thing I found was some affidavits on Archway and Family Search concerned with the death of Frederick Stagg who had died intestate at Wellington in 1875. One from Jane Woodman who said she was his sister and another from Fred Cooper, the seedsman, younger brother of my great-great-grandfather. In his affidavit, Fred confirmed that Jane was Frederick’s sister. They would have been first cousins. Jane & Fred were both mentioned in the notices placed in the New Zealand Times, 7 December 1875, declaring that the Public Trustee would administer Frederick’s estate.

More recently I have found that Frederick Stagg was a grocer, having a store and living on Thorndon Quay, Wellington, close to where some of his Cooper cousins were doing business as soft drink and cordial manufacturers. He was also married, to Marion/Merion and had at least three children. Two of them died in infancy, one was reported in the Evening Post, 10 March 1870. In the matters relating to his death though, there was no mention of his wife or any surviving children.

More questions than answers, again. I think I will have to buy a couple of certificates to try to discover some more.

When did they arrive in New Zealand ? Had they come direct from England ? Or via Australia where another uncle had emigrated in the 1840s. Who was Jane’s first husband and where did they marry ? Is the William Frederick Stagg aka Henshaw marriage in 1896 actually Frederick William Stagg the surviving child from Frederick Stagg’s marriage ?

And if that is him – how ironic in this crazy year to see that he named his daughter Corona !!

E - Exeter

Exeter is a town that has several appearances in our family tree. Mostly weddings and baptisms, but now a whole new event to research !

I received a letter the other day from England, passing on some pieces of information about the research done by earlier genealogists in the family. Some I had seen or heard before, some I hadn’t.

There has been talk over the years about members of the family being involved on the wrong side of an uprising – but which ? Monmouth was suggested. Records weren’t accessible, even to those living and researching in England, so it just remained “something’ in the back of my mind.

But now !! It seems there might be a connection to an event which took place in Exeter in a tumultuous religious time. The Prayer Book Rebellion of 1549. This is now thought to have been the most important attempt in England to oppose the Protestant Reformation of the reign of the boy-King, 9 year old Edward VI.

The rebels were protesting against the new Prayer Book, which had been translated from Latin to English. They wanted to keep the old Latin book, Cornishmen in particular (where the uprising began) were angered because they did not speak English and were used to the Latin services. The leaders sent a draft of their demands to the King. Unlike the petitions produced by some other rebellions, where protesters asked the King to grant what they wanted, these rebels insisted their demands be met. Among their demands were that Mass be in Latin and all Latin services and ceremonies be restored.

In 1539, concerned that the Catholic doctrine was under threat from the influence of the Lutheran Protestants who would remove all symbols of Catholic imagery from churches, Henry VIII gave his support to the passing of a parliamentary Act known as the Six Articles of Religion. He did this against the wishes of his Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer. Henry VIII remained a devout Catholic throughout his life and this Act aimed to enshrine some of the important element of Catholicism in law. In his will, Henry stipulated that these Articles should remain in force until his young son, the future King came of age.

Henry had been reluctant to introduce the sweeping changes that many Protestants were wanting, apart from where he could appropriate the wealth of the church by dissolving the monasteries. His last parliament, in the dying days of his reign passed an Act empowering him to take into his hands all chantries, hospitals, colleges, free chapel, fraternities, guilds and their possessions. Commissioners would be appointed to inquire into their revenue and inventories would be made of all their goods and certificates returned to the Court of Augmentations. It was left to the King to determine which should stand and which should be dissolved or refounded. Perhaps he still had misgivings, because this did not begin in earnest until after his death.

Cranmer however left no-one in doubt of his intentions proclaiming in his speech at the boy King Edward VI’s coronation that he would see idolatry destroyed and the tyranny of Rome banished.

The government decreed that the church in all parishes must use the new Prayer Book from WhitSunday on June 9^th. This caused widespread anger, in Sampford Courtenay the parish priest was prevented from saying the new service and urged to wear his popish robes and say the mass and all the service as in times past. Although the movement was supported by many clergy, it was predominately a layman’s movement by the people, who did not want to lose the devotional practices to which they had become accustomed.

Numbers grew and the Devonshire rebels were joined near Crediton by rebels from Cornwall about June 19^th. In July the combined force numbering 4,000-6,000 made the fateful decision to besiege Exeter which had remained loyal to the Crown. The siege dragged on for 5 or 6 weeks.  Vengeance followed with brutal executions.

There are some books I need to hunt down and read which involve the churches and parishioners in some of the parishes where our family lived. Maybe there will be further developments later in this challenge. (If the books arrive quickly enough and I can read them all in double quick time too)

D - Dam People

I spent my early years on the banks of the Waikato River. Not literally, but in the city that was built on both sides of it.

It is the longest river in New Zealand at 425 kilometres, flowing from its source on the eastern slopes of Mt Ruapehu through Lake Taupo then on to the sea at Port Waikato south of Auckland. Along the way, its energy has been harnessed, lakes created and great dams constructed.

Hydro electric power. New Zealand is lucky, there are several rivers such as the Waikato offering the opportunity to manipulate the flow and generate electricity in a sustainable, renewable way.

My maternal grandfather, a fitter and turner, worked most of his adult life in this industry and so did my father, an engineer. Grandad worked at Coleridge, near Christchurch for a short time before moving on to Waitaki. These were the first two hydro electric stations that the Government was involved with. The beginnings of the State Hydro Department and still going strong today producing energy to keep our homes and workplaces running smoothly.

Waitaki, Highbank, Mangahao, Maraetai, Whakamaru.

My father left school and became a draughting cadet then progressed to become an engineer. While in working in Hamilton many days were spent visiting the stations along the Waikato. Arapuni, Karapiro, Aratiatia, Atiamuri, Waipapa, Whakamaru, Maraetai, Rangipo, and Tokaanu some of which were still under construction.

As well as hydro power generation there was steam at Wairakei and coal fired at Meremere. More recently a new geothermal station Ohaaki and a larger coal fired station at Huntly, although Dad didn’t have much involvement with them.

After we moved to Wellington, the upper Waitaki became Dad’s area of responsibility. Aviemore and Benmore had recently been completed and yet to come were Ohau A, B & C and Tekapo A & B.

My grandfather’s brother left New Zealand and worked on the Snowy Hydro Scheme and in the coal fired stations at Yallourn and in the LaTrobe Valley.

What a cutting edge industry it must have been in those early years, bringing unimaginable change to our society. It seems to me that it was probably comparable to the change that rail brought to our great and great grandparents lives.

Railways provided new opportunities for employment, travel for all and a step into a different socio-economic group. Electricity generation for the masses improved living conditions, promoted the use of new transportation (electric trams as opposed to horse drawn) and lit the streets at night making it safer for those of our ancestors finding their way home in the evenings or later at night.

There are Dam people in my tree – and I’m pretty damned proud to say so.

C - Cyclopedia

C is for cookie and cookie is for me…

So much choice, Christchurch, Castles, Cars, Christmas, Climate…Claire.

Here is a bit about me then.

Eldest child, sister, mother, daughter, cousin, aunt, friend, collector of family history, storyteller, name nerd, puzzle solver, cross-stitcher, card maker, baker, maker, reader, traveller…

It was names that got me interested in genealogy – so many James’ and Johns, Marys and Anns. I remembered tallying them all up once when I was still at college to see how many of each there were. Lots. Some names were definitely overused. Not like today's parents – our ancestors stuck with the tried and true, over and over again. How did they even tell them apart or get the right person to respond ? Even now it is refreshing to see something new – an Arabella, Kerenhappuch, Roxillianna, LaFayette, Aeneas, Balthasar.

Along with names there were the stories people would share, offering a peek into their childhood memories and places they had been. The idea of large families fascinated me. Being one of two and my parents one of two and one of three, the idea of having a whole bunch of siblings seemed so foreign – but fun all the same. I imagined it would be like being one of “The Waltons”, or the Bradfords on “Eight is Enough”.

I think I have always liked history, miniseries such as “The Pallisers”, “Family at War”, “Poldark” and early soaps like “The Sullivans” captured my attention. I loved history at school even though the Third Reich , the Potato Famine & Rise of Sinn Feinn seemed quite disconnected to life in New Zealand and where my roots were.

Over time though, that love of society, people and history has influenced my reading choices and captivated me. Historical fiction is a great way to learn about history and how people of the times experienced the events around them. This led to me trying to learn more and more, and to imagine my ancestors in those times. How did world events, or local events affect them personally. Which events were catalysts for them to change the way they lived ? Who were they ? How did they feel ? What did they believe ? What did they like ? What drove them to make a change in the direction their lives took ? So many of them were from Ag Lab stock. What was it that inspired them to take the leap, leave the village where their families had lived for generations and make a new life in a new town or to find employment with the railways or in large industrial mills ?

I love family history, it consumes a lot of my spare time. Studying DNA matches looking for links, reconnecting with cousins all across the globe, planning where to visit next (when we are ever allowed to do that again). Remembering those who have passed, telling their stories so that their memory will live on for others. Celebrating them and the sacrifices they made – if not for their actions in the face of adversity and their planning in the good times none of us would be here.

Always thinking and wondering, sometimes it is hard to make my mind just stop and reflect. It's a bit like a cyclopedia that I always have with me.

And just as I am sitting here another thought occurred to me.

C is for Coromandel. I read just the other night that gold had been discovered there in 1862. I wonder if that news influenced the decision to not go to Albertland since it was only a few short years after their arrival that the Davys family left Auckland and set up home north of Thames on the peninsular felling trees, saw-milling and gold mining. What resilience and determination they had.

#52Ancestors, Week 52, Resolution

Resolution

/rɛzəˈluːʃ(ə)n/

noun

1.      a firm decision to do or not to do something.

"she kept her resolution not to see Anne any more"

synonyms: intention, resolve, decision, intent, aim, aspiration, design, purpose, object, plan;

2.     the quality of being determined or resolute.

“he handled the last British actions of the war with resolution"

synonyms: determination, purpose, resolve, firmness, decision;

It is that time of year again. Time to reflect, evaluate, re-evaluate and plan.

It has been another year of change as well as achievement. Moving interstate, not giving up hope, completing my Diploma and securing employment.

There have been adventures and discovery; trips to two other states and then a road trip through three states to reach my new home.

Celebrations and time spent with special people; birthdays, anniversaries, Christmas.

Study has kept me busy, and blogging too.

But what of 2019, the coming year ?

I think there might not be another blog challenge – these last two years have certainly kept me busy and made me think about WHO my ancestors were, HOW they lived and WHAT was important to them. But it has taken some of the spontaneity out of blogging at the same time. (Never say never though...)

I hope there will be some more travel and exploration,

I want some stability, in employment and residence,

I want to read more – the books I have read in the last three months have me yearning for more. (The Travelling Cat Chronicles - Hiro Arikawa, The Atomic Weight of Love - Elizabeth J. Church, Wonder - R.J. Palacio, The Orphan Train - Christina Baker Kline, We Can Make a Life - Chessie Henry, Educated - Tara Westover.)

I want to try to organise some of my filing – on paper and digitally – so that there is some form of consistency which will make it easier to retrieve information.

I’d like to knock down a couple of research brick walls. Get back another generation on some of those lines.

Examine DNA results and determine just how some of those matches are related on paper.

I want my own space.

I think I’m going to take a leaf out of a friend’s book and plan 60 new or favourite and fun things to do throughout the year. Because why not ?

Happy New Year followers, friends, family and fellow bloggers.

May 2019 be good to you all !

Late December 2018 was a very special time for me...

It has been quite a year.

There have been some big changes (again) and plenty of fun times.

The best part was seeing and spending time with family in October, then eight weeks later at Christmas. Now looking forward to the next time in ten more weeks.

This was the first Christmas Day with Mum and Dad since we moved from Christchurch in 2015 - and even that wasn't actually Christmas, it was a quick road-trip up and back in 2014 on Boxing Day and the day after in between shifts for Lauren. Before that it must have been another couple of years as Christmases alternated between Wellington and Renwick or Cambridge.

We had a great time catching up and exploring with them. A day in Toowoomba to see a cousin of Dad's, wandering around the shops in the craziness before Christmas, cruising the river on the free City Hopper, checking out the flora and fauna at Mt Coot-tha, Roma Street and in local parks. Walks along the riverwalk at Southbank, dinners, ice-creams to cool down in the hot sticky heat.

All too quickly it was time to say goodbye - but in just a blink of an eye it will be our turn to fly.

#52Ancestors, Week 51, Nice

So the previous post was “Naughty”, and now this one is “Nice” – it fits with the Christmassy theme, but it still isn’t helping.

Nice is a bit of a non-descript word; hard to define as I think it means different things to different people. Nice what or who…or could it be Nice, France ?

When I think about it, everyone in my family could be categorised as nice. They are mostly considerate and amiable, respectful and accepting of others. I don’t even think there is anyone who could be considered Grinch-like or Scrooge-like. Some were reputed to be grumpy, tetchy even cantankerous – but does that mean they weren’t nice ?

All families have characters and idiosyncrasies, some become “in-jokes”. Families are made up of people we don’t choose to be in the circle, and for the most part everyone gets on.

Perhaps that it is all I can write.

I have a nice GREAT family.

We enjoyed a nice wonderful holiday together.

They are the best people.

They mean the world to me.

#52Ancestors, Week 50, Naughty

This was my final assignment for my Diploma of Family History at the University of Tasmania. The purpose of the essay was to argue whether Joseph's experience was typical or atypical. Please excuse my referencing, some of which is fairly cumbersome. I'm not sure that he was particularly naughty, in some ways he was just unlucky and even cocky or impulsive.

Joseph Dickinson was tried at the Old Bailey on 14 September 1826 charged with stealing laundry from a wash-house valued at 16 shillings, and was sentenced to seven years, transportation.[1] He served almost five years of this sentence onboard the hulk Justitia moored on the Thames at Woolwich, until being pardoned on 10 February 1831.[2] Almost three years later he was tried and convicted at the Westminster Peace Session on 30 January 1834 for stealing a writing box valued at £1 and again sentenced to seven years transportation.[3] He arrived in Sydney in August 1834, after a four month voyage on the Surry.[4] This essay will examine Joseph’s life within the convict system, comparing it with data gathered for the same time period and related to convicts from the same native place as him. It will consider health, height, literacy and occupation as well as characteristics, behaviour and recidivism to confirm that his experience was both typical and atypical.

Convicts native to London or Middlesex, as Joseph was, had access to a better diet, particularly if they had a craft or trade giving them a steadier income.[5] They were also surprisingly shorter on average than their contemporaries from less urban places.[6] Living in an urban area also increased their levels of literacy.[7] Joseph’s health was described as good while serving his previous sentence on board the Justitia, and as a plasterer he likely had an income allowing him a balanced diet when he was free, which will have stood him in good stead.[8] By the 1830s more was beginning to be understood about the prevention of conditions like scurvy, and John Smith, Superintendent Surgeon on board the Surry reported an uneventful voyage with no serious medical issues, despite his initial concerns about overcrowding onboard.[9]

Recent data gathered by the University of Tasmania indicates that the mean height for convicts arriving in Van Diemen’s Land, who gave their native place as Middlesex, was 5’ 5”.[10] Joseph was 5’ 4” at his arrival in Sydney, the majority of his contemporaries on the Surry were between 5’ 4” and 5’ 6”, and included in that cluster were most of the sixty-one who gave their native places as London, Westminster or Middlesex.[11]

It would be expected that being a Londoner with a trade, Joseph would be literate.[12] Of the sixty-one from Middlesex or London on board the Surry, he was one of the forty-two who could read and write, another eight could read and just eleven were illiterate.[13] In regard to health, height and literacy, Joseph was typical of convicts arriving in the colony with a native place of London or Middlesex.

Joseph was noted as having several tattoos on both arms.[14] Since these were first documented on his arrival in Sydney, it is unclear whether they were obtained in custody or before his arrests. The initials “EC, heart pierced with two darts” on his right arm were likely a reference to Elizabeth Costellow who had been arrested with him in 1826 and subsequently transported.[15] The identity or significance of “E NEWMAN” is a mystery, but other tattoos including stars, anchors, fish, rings on his fingers were common amongst those on the Surry with him; not just those from Middlesex.[16] For the Middlesex group on the Surry it is difficult to determine whether being tattooed was typical or atypical as it was evenly divided.[17]

Londoners were also among the least likely to admit to having prior offending.[18] Joseph admitted a previous offence and that he had served one month, although he had spent close to five years on the Justitia.[19] Since he received a pardon for his first offence in 1826 he may have felt it did not need to be declared, or perhaps his answer was influenced by the way the question was posed. He may have been inferring that he had already served about one month of his current sentence before being transferred from Newgate to the hulk Leviathan prior to boarding the Surry.[20] For whatever reason, declaring that he had a previous conviction makes him atypical based on his native place.

Joseph was not the only plasterer on board the Surry, but he was the only one from London, and the entry was annotated as “good”.[21] Although there were other tradespeople amongst the sixty-one from Middlesex, many had less skilled occupations; farm/errand and pot boys, grooms, farm servants and horsedealers.[22] In regards to having a trade, Joseph appears to be atypical, but this may have worked in his favour as he was the only convict assigned from the Surry to Terence Murray.[23]

Murray, a retired Irish army officer, and his son Terence Aubrey Murray held land grants in Argyle, Goulburn and Lake George.[24] Joseph remained in Goulburn for his entire sentence.[25] He does not appear in newspapers or gazettes for any misdemeanours, although Murray does have several entries relating to some of his assigned shepherds absconding.[26] This would suggest that Joseph’s good behaviour while on the Justitia continued in the colony, similarly, most convicts settled well into their indentured life.[27]

Joseph received his Ticket of Leave in 1839 and Certificate of Freedom in 1841.[28] He remained in the Goulburn, Lake George, Monaro and Queanbeyan area working as a plasterer and raising a small family.[29] There are no official records of his first marriage or the baptisms of his three children, however the marriage certificate of his daughter Sarah offers some clues to place his marriage to Ann Blackman between 1841-1845.[30] Both he and Ann were in their thirties at this time, which would make the family seem typical by comparison.[31]

Joseph’s only known confinement in the colony came in 1850 when he was sentenced to two months hard labour at Goulburn Gaol, seemingly a result of breaching conditions placed on him after concerns were raised for the welfare and treatment of his wife.[32] Newspapers detail occasional foolish behaviour rather than criminal, and court appearances as a witness or defendant.[33] He continued to work as a plasterer until his death in December 1878.[34] Although Joseph’s prior record may have given him a higher propensity to continue reoffending, evidence does not show convicts from London or urban areas making repeated appearances for colonial offences.[35]

In conclusion, after studying the available data, researching Joseph Dickinson’s interactions and criminal and colonial records and creating a dataset for the voyage of Surry, it is clear that his experience and attributes were both typical and atypical. Some of these outcomes have been unexpected, but many will have assisted him throughout his sentence and helped him assimilate into society post sentence.

---

[1] Old Bailey Online, 'Joseph Dickinson, Elizabeth Costellow.', https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?id=t18260914-289-defend1572&div=t18260914-289#highlight, Accessed 27 May 2018.

[2] Ancestry, Hulk Justitia Prison Hulk Registers and Letter Books for Joseph Dickinson, 'UK, Prison Hulk Registers and Letter Books, 1802-1849 [database on-line].', Home Office; Convict Prison Hulks: Registers and Letter Books; Class HO9, Piece 8, Original data: Home Office: Convict Prison Hulks: Registers and Letter Books, 1802-1849. Microfilm, HO9, 5 rolls. The National Archives, Kew, England. Accessed 25 August 2018.; Ancestry, Criminal Register Joseph Dickinson Middlesex 1826, England & Wales, Criminal Registers, 1791-1892 [database on-line], Home Office: Criminal Registers, Middlesex and Home Office: Criminal Registers, England and Wales; Records created or inherited by the Home Office, Ministry of Home Security, and related bodies, Series HO 26 and HO 27; The National Archives of the UK (TNA), Kew, Surrey, England. Accessed 25 August 2018.; Findmypast, Hulk Justitia Quarterly Returns for Joseph Dickinson, 'Home Office: convict hulks, convict prisons and criminal lunatic asylums, quarterly returns of prisoners', HO8 Home Office: convict hulks, convict prisons and criminal lunatic asylums, quarterly returns of prisoners, The National Archives, Kew, England. Accessed 8 September 2018.; Sydney Living Museums, 'Convict Hulks', https://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/convict-hulks, Accessed 6 September 2018.

[3] London Metropolitan Archives to Claire Becker, email, 9 May 2018, original in author's possession.; Digital Panopticon, 'Joseph Dickinson', https://www.digitalpanopticon.org/search?from=0&e0.type.t.t=root&e0._all.s.s=joseph+dickinson, Accessed 27 May 2018.; Digital Panopticon, 'Joseph Dickenson',https://www.digitalpanopticon.org/search?e0.type.t.t=root&e0._all.s.s=joseph%20dickenson, Accessed 27 May 2018.; Ancestry, Convict Record Joseph Dickinson, New South Wales, Australia, Convict Indents, 1788-1842 [database on-line]. New South Wales Government. Annotated printed indents (i.e., office copies). NRS 12189, microfiche 696–730, 732–744. State Records Authority of New South Wales, Kingswood, New South Wales, Australia. © the Crown in right of the State of New South Wales and is used under licence with the permission of the State Records Authority. Accessed 27 August 2018.

[4] Ancestry, Convict Record for Joseph Dickinson.; Findmypast, Hulk Leviathan Quarterly Returns for Joseph Dickinson, 'Home Office: convict hulks, convict prisons and criminal lunatic asylums, quarterly returns of prisoners', HO8 Home Office: convict hulks, convict prisons and criminal lunatic asylums, quarterly returns of prisoners, The National Archives, Kew, England. Accessed 8 September 2018.; Free Settler or Felon, 'Convict Ship Surry 1834', https://www.jenwilletts.com/convict_ship_surry_1834.htm, Accessed 6 September 2018.

[5] Dr Kristyn Harman 'Convict Diets and Food Production' in Hamish Maxwell-Stewart ed., Module Four, Chapter Three: Convict Diets and Food, HAA Convicts in Context, 2018.; Hamish Maxwell-Stewart 'Real Wages of Southern Building Craftsmen, 1750-1800' in Hamish Maxwell-Stewart ed., Module Three, Chapter Two: Height and Native Place, HAA Convicts in Context, 2018.

[6] Hamish Maxwell-Stewart 'Adult Male Convict Height (Aged 21-50) by Year of Birth’ in Hamish Maxwell-Stewart ed., Module Three, Chapter Two: Height and Native Place, HAA Convicts in Context, 2018.

[7] Hamish Maxwell-Stewart 'Sentencing County by Literacy and Proportion of Convicts Reporting Agricultural Skills’ in Hamish Maxwell-Stewart ed., Module Three, Chapter Two: Age and Occupation, HAA Convicts in Context, 2018.

[8] Harman 'Convict Diets and Food Production'.; Maxwell-Stewart 'Real Wages of Southern Building Craftsmen, 1750-1800'.; Findmypast, Hulk Justitia Quarterly Returns for Joseph Dickinson.

[9] Katherine Foxhall, Health, Medicine, and the Sea: Australian Voyages, c.1815-1860, Chapter 4, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 2012.; Maxwell-Stewart 'Adult Male Convict Height (Aged 21-50) by Year of Birth'.; Hamish Maxwell-Stewart 'Convict Voyages' in Hamish Maxwell-Stewart ed., Module Four, Chapter One: Convict Voyages, HAA Convicts in Context, 2018.; Ancestry, UK Royal Navy Medical Journals, Surry, 'UK, Royal Navy Medical Journals, 1817-1857 [database on-line].', Original data: Admiralty and predecessors: Office of the Director General of the Medical Department of the Navy and predecessors: Medical Journals (ADM 101, 804 bundles and volumes). Records of Medical and Prisoner of War Departments. Records of the Admiralty, Naval Forces, Royal Marines, Coastguard, and related bodies. The National Archives. Kew, Richmond, Surrey. Accessed 27 May 2018.

[10] Hamish Maxwell-Stewart 'Mean Height by County of Birth and Proportion of Convicts Reporting Agricultural Skills’ in Hamish Maxwell-Stewart ed., Module Three, Chapter Two: Height and Native Place, HAA Convicts in Context, 2018.

[11] Ancestry, Convict Record for Joseph Dickinson.; Ancestry, Convict Indent Surry 1834, New South Wales, Australia, Convict Indents, 1788-1842 [database on-line]. New South Wales Government. Annotated printed indents (i.e., office copies). NRS 12189, microfiche 696–730, 732–744. State Records Authority of New South Wales, Kingswood, New South Wales, Australia.© the Crown in right of the State of New South Wales and is used under licence with the permission of the State Records Authority. , Accessed 27 August 2018.

[12] Maxwell-Stewart 'Sentencing County by Literacy and Proportion of Convicts Reporting Agricultural Skills’.

[13] Ancestry, Convict Indent Surry 1834.

[14] Ancestry, Convict Record for Joseph Dickinson

[15] Old Bailey Online, 'Joseph Dickinson, Elizabeth Costellow’.; Ancestry, Convict Record Elizabeth Costellow, Australian Convict Transportation Registers – Other Fleets & Ships, 1791-1868 [database on-line]. Home Office: Convict Transportation Registers, (The National Archives Microfilm Publication HO11), The National Archives of the UK (TNA), Kew, Surrey, England. Accessed 12 September 2018. Ancestry, Convict Record for Joseph Dickinson.

[16] Ancestry, Convict Indent Surry 1834.; David Kent, ‘Decorative Bodies: The Significance of Convict Tattoos’, Journal of Australian Studies, Volume 21, Issue 53, 2009, pp.78-88. Ancestry, Convict Record for Joseph Dickinson.

[17] Ancestry, Convict Indent Surry 1834.

[18] Hamish Maxwell-Stewart 'Prior Conviction Rates by Density of Population in County of Conviction’ in Hamish Maxwell-Stewart ed., Module Three, Chapter Two: Age and Occupation, HAA Convicts in Context, 2018.

[19] Ancestry, Convict Record for Joseph Dickinson.; Ancestry, Hulk Justitia Prison Hulk Registers and Letter Books for Joseph Dickinson.; Findmypast, Hulk Justitia Quarterly Returns for Joseph Dickinson.

[20] Findmypast, Hulk Leviathan Quarterly Returns for Joseph Dickinson.; Ancestry, Criminal Register Joseph Dickinson Middlesex 1834, England & Wales, Criminal Registers, 1791-1892 [database on-line], Home Office: Criminal Registers, Middlesex and Home Office: Criminal Registers, England and Wales; Records created or inherited by the Home Office, Ministry of Home Security, and related bodies, Series HO 26 and HO 27; The National Archives of the UK (TNA), Kew, Surrey, England. Accessed 25 August 2018.

[21] Ancestry, Convict Record for Joseph Dickinson.; Ancestry, Convict Indent Surry 1834.

[22] Ancestry, Convict Indent Surry 1834.

[23] Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia, Settler and Convict Lists, 1787-1834 [database on-line], Home Office: Settlers and Convicts, New South Wales and Tasmania, (The National Archives Microfilm Publication HO10, Pieces 1-4, 6-18, 28-30), The National Archives of the UK (TNA), Kew, Surrey, England. Accessed 27 August 2018.; Ancestry, Muster Record for Joseph Dickinson 1837, New South Wales and Tasmania, Australia Convict Musters, 1806-1849 [database on-line], Home Office: Settlers and Convicts, New South Wales and Tasmania; (The National Archives Microfilm Publication HO10, Pieces 5, 19-20, 32-51); The National Archives of the UK (TNA), Kew, Surrey, England, Accessed 2 May 2018.; Ancestry, Convict Indent Surry 1834.

[24] C.D. Coulthard-Clark, ‘Gables, Ghosts and Governors-General - The Historic House at Yarralumla’, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1988, pp. 1-42.; Australian Dictionary of Biography, 'Murray, Sir Terence Aubrey (1810-1873)', http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/murray-sir-terence-aubrey-2498, Accessed 27 August 2018.; 'Winderradeen', Sydney Morning Herald, 6 April 1935, p.16.

[25] Coulthard-Clark, ‘Gables, Ghosts and Governors-General - The Historic House at Yarralumla’.; Ancestry, Muster Record for Joseph Dickinson 1837, New South Wales and Tasmania, Australia Convict Musters, 1806-1849 [database on-line], Home Office: Settlers and Convicts, New South Wales and Tasmania; (The National Archives Microfilm Publication HO10, Pieces 5, 19-20, 32-51); The National Archives of the UK (TNA), Kew, Surrey, England, Accessed 2 May 2018.; Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia, Settler and Convict Lists, 1787-1834.; Australian Dictionary of Biography, 'Murray, Sir Terence Aubrey (1810-1873)'.; Ancestry, Ticket of Leave Joseph Dickinson, 'New South Wales, Australia, Tickets of Leave, 1810-1869 [database on-line].', ©The Crown in right of the State of New South Wales and is used under licence with the permission of the State Records Authority. Accessed 25 August 2018.; Ancestry, Certificate of Freedom Joseph Dickinson, 'New South Wales, Australia, Certificates of Freedom, 1810-1814, 1827-1867 [database on-line].' Original data: New South Wales Government. Butts of Certificates of Freedom. NRS 1165, 1166, 1167, 12208, 12210, reels 601, 602, 604, 982-1027. State Records Authority of New South Wales, Kingswood, New South Wales. Accessed 27 May 2018.

[26] Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia, Police Gazettes, 1854-1930 [database on-line], Original data: New South Wales Government. Police Gazettes. Series 10958, Reels 3129-3143, 3594-3606. State Records Authority of New South Wales, Kingswood, New South Wales, Australia. ©the Crown in right of the State of New South Wales and is used under licence with the permission of the State Records Authority. Accessed 1 June 2018.; 'Principal Superintendent of Convicts' Office 11 October 1836, New South Wales Government Gazette, 12 October 1836, p.782.

[27] Findmypast, Hulk Justitia Quarterly Returns for Joseph Dickinson.; Ancestry, Hulk Justitia Prison Hulk Registers and Letter Books for Joseph Dickinson.; Principal Superintendent of Convicts' Office 11 October 1836, New South Wales Government Gazette, 12 October 1836, p.782.; Hamish Maxwell-Stewart 'Career Criminals' in Hamish Maxwell-Stewart ed., Module Five, Chapter Two: Career Criminals, HAA Convicts in Context, 2018.

[28] Ancestry, Ticket of Leave Joseph Dickinson.; Ancestry, Certificate of Freedom Joseph Dickinson.

[29] NSW Registry of Births Deaths & Marriages, 'Births, Deaths and Marriages Search, https://familyhistory.bdm.nsw.gov.au/lifelink/familyhistory/search?1, Accessed 27 May 2018.; NSW Registry of Births Deaths & Marriages, 'Registry Records', http://www.bdm.nsw.gov.au/Pages/family-history/registry-records.aspx, Accessed 27 May 2018.; Death Certificate of Ann Dickinson, died 3 May 1870, Registry of Births, Deaths & Marriages New South Wales, 5595/1870.; Marriage Certificate of Sarah Ann Dickinson and Alexander McIntyre, married 27 October 1862, Registry of Births, Deaths & Marriages New South Wales, 2903/1862.

[30] NSW Registry of Births Deaths & Marriages, 'Births, Deaths and Marriages Search’.; NSW Registry of Births Deaths & Marriages, 'Registry Records'.; Death Certificate of Ann Dickinson, died 3 May 1870.; Marriage Certificate of Sarah Ann Dickinson and Alexander McIntyre, married 27 October 1862.

[31] Death Certificate of Ann Dickinson, died 3 May 1870.; Death Certificate of George Joseph Dickinson, died 4 December 1878, Registry of Births, Deaths & Marriages New South Wales, 9197/1878.; Hamish Maxwell-Stewart 'Marriage, Migration and Family Formation' in Hamish Maxwell-Stewart ed., Module Five, Chapter One: Marriage, Migration and Family Formation, HAA Convicts in Context, 2018.

[32] Ancestry, Gaol Entrance Description Book Joseph Dickinson 1850, 'New South Wales, Australia, Gaol Description and Entrance Books, 1818-1930 [database on-line].', Original data: State Archives NSW; Roll: 855. Accessed 27 May 2018. 'Queanbeyan, Police Intelligence', Goulburn Herald and County of Argyle Advertiser, 2 March 1850, p.6.

[33] ‘Queanbeyan, Before Henry Hall and G.F Palmer Esqrs.' Goulburn Herald and County of Argyle Advertiser, 6 April 1850, p.6.; 'Local Intelligence, Police Court, Drunkards', Golden Age, 28 May 1863, p.2.; 'Local Notes And Events', Queanbeyan Age and General Advertiser, 30 Jun 1864, p.2.; 'Local Notes And Events, Court of Petty Sessions, Obscene Language', Queanbeyan Age and General Advertiser, 19 January 1865, p.2.; 'Local and District News, Curious Circumstance', Queanbeyan Age, 28 March 1872, p.2.; 'Bungendore, Court of Petty Sessions', Queanbeyan Age, 17 June 1874, p.2.; 'Queanbeyan Police Court, Forgery and Uttering', Queanbeyan Age, 22 August 1874, p.2.; Queanbeyan Quarter Sessions', Queanbeyan Age, 24 October 1874, p.2.; Ancestry, New South Wales, Australia, Police Gazettes, 1854-1930.

[34] Death Certificate of George Joseph Dickinson, died 4 December 1878.; 'Dreadful Suicide. - Inquest', Queanbeyan Age, 7 December 1878, p.4.

[35] Maxwell-Stewart 'Career Criminals'.